Korde, R. (2021). Dynamics of Gender Pay Gap: A Comparative Study of India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Thesis submitted to the University of Mumbai for the Ph.D. (Commerce) Degree in Business Economics
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ABSTRACT
Women face discrimination in many societies around the World, not only by customs but also by law. Institutions like society, government, firms, as well as family, are responsible for creating gender distinctions. The traditional division of labour, based on gender, has a significant impact on fertility rates of a country, FLFPRs, equality of men and women in the labour market, as well as on the effectiveness of policy implementation. Several international organisations acknowledge that the problem of women discrimination in the workplace is grave. The ILO in 1951 passed its 100th Convention regarding, “Equal Remuneration Convention” with the principal aim to provide “equal remuneration for work of equal value for men and women”. The Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action (1995) was adopted collectively by 189 countries to encourage women’s empowerment and promote gender equality. The SDGs 2030 also stressed the general agreement on the fundamental principle of gender equality. To achieve the SDGs, the UNDP launched “Gender Equality Strategy 2018 – 2021” to intensify efforts across all areas of work in gender equality across 170 countries.
An understanding of labour market discrimination provides the necessary framework for evaluating various dimensions of gender discrimination in the labour markets. The primary measure of discrimination is the difference between the average earnings of men and women in the economy. Compensating wage differentials, pre-market and in-market segmentation, mobility of workers, overcrowding, human capital discrimination, monopsony power, prestige value of the job, on-the-job training opportunities, statistical discrimination, job competition, etc. are some of the factors that lead to sexual segregation of the labour market, labour immobility, glass ceilings, sticky floors and eventually wage discrimination.
An enquiry into reasons and consequences for the presence of the gender pay gap was conducted through an extensive review of the literature. A systematic and theoretical analysis was conducted to decompose the complex set of factors that determine the worth of an
individual, like labour market factors, personal & family factors, social factors and other factors. Various international reports from the ILO, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, etc., on gender pay gaps are studied to get the status of gender pay gaps across the World. The situation is alarming across the globe. However, the South Asian Countries will require at least 71 years to close the gender pay gap if they continue to progress at the given rate. The Gender Pay Gap estimates, as reported by the ILO, for India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka ranges from 34% to 22% for the year 2018.
Most the literature on the gender pay gap studies in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are restricted to only one year, a couple of years or a few years, limited geographical coverage (few states or few regions), majorly inter-industry comparisons, and likewise. Most of the research conducted considers only limited variables and thereby fails to provide a macro-economic overview. Also, cross-country comparisons using comparable and reliable data are limited in this region. In order to provide a comparative picture of wage differentials in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, this research computes the gender pay gaps using WageIndicator Salary Surveys. A multidimensional analysis of the gender pay gap is conducted using average salaries (median) to capture the percentage differences in the earnings of men and women and factors affecting the gender pay gap. Further, ordinary least squared regression analysis is performed to understand the influence of independent variables on wages. Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition is conducted to gauge the influence of human capital and labour market discrimination on wages.
This research provides a comparative analysis of these South Asian countries. Nevertheless, the issue of the gender pay gap is not only a result of labour market factors but also demographic factors, family factors, social factors, organisation policies and government policies. In order to tackle the deep-rooted problem of the gender pay gap, a multi-pronged approach is a prerequisite for countries, especially developing countries. Therefore, this research provides a 5-level policy prescription to provide an effective and sustainable solution to close the gender pay gap.